ChemSketch


ChemSketch is a free chemistry drawing tool which can be used to draw chemical structures and also to draw reactions. It lets you make molecules and structures in the most simple way on the computer. It produces IUPAC names for the structures you make. It can also show you the molecule in a 3D view and also can show you the ball and stick model of the molecule. It has inbuilt templates which has ready made molecules of sugars, amino-acids and vitamins and lots more. It gives you predicted physical data about the molecule and can be used for NMR studies too. You can even write reactions and draw structures to save them for seminars or projects or reports in the form of images. It is one of the fastest chemistry drawing applications available and the best part is its free for home and educational use. It also has simple features such as molecular weight calculation and it has ready made functional groups so that you can just add them with simple clicks. It also has the ability to check the molecule online on the pubchem database as well as the eMolecules database for the structure and produces monographs of the molecule if it finds it. A very useful software and a must to download.
The software is Free for non-commercial use but a paid version of it also exists where you get all the features.Among other features, ChemSketch has the ability to:

• Draw and view structures in 2D, or render in 3D to view from any angle
• Draw reactions and reaction schemes, and calculate reactant quantities
• Generate structures from InChI and SMILES strings
• Generate IUPAC systematic names for molecules of up to 50 atoms and 3 ring structures
• Predict logP for individual structures
• Search for structures in the built-in dictionary of over 165,000 systematic, trivial, and trade names  

                                                                           Image:

 

These are some advantages and disadvantages of using ChemSketch:

ADVANTAGES	DISADVANTAGES
Sketching be faster	Difficult for first learner
Smooth and not messy	Downloading the software according to internet connection.

 

 Links:

1. http://www.intellogist.com/wiki/ChemSketch
2.  http://pharmaxchange.info/press/2011/01/acdlabs-com-chemsketch/
3.  https://sites.google.com/site/kelaskoskerol32/aaachem sketch -

History of Internet

The history of the Internet began with the development of electronic computers in the 1950s. The public was first introduced to the concepts that would lead to the Internet when a message was sent over the ARPANet from computer science Professor Leonard Kleinrock's laboratory at University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), after the second piece of network equipment was installed at Stanford Research Institute (SRI). Packet switched networks such as ARPANET, Mark I at NPL in the UK, CYCLADES, Merit Network, Tymnet, and Telenet, were developed in the late 1960s and early 1970s using a variety of protocols. The ARPANET in particular led to the development of protocols for internetworking, in which multiple separate networks could be joined together into a network of networks.

The first recorded description of the social interactions that could be enabled through networking was a series of memos written by J.C.R. Licklider of MIT in August 1962 discussing his "Galactic Network" concept. He envisioned a globally interconnected set of computers through which everyone could quickly access data and programs from any site. In spirit, the concept was very much like the Internet of today. Licklider was the first head of the computer research program at DARPA,4 starting in October 1962. While at DARPA he convinced his successors at DARPA, Ivan Sutherland, Bob Taylor, and MIT researcher Lawrence G. Roberts, of the importance of this networking concept.

In 1982, the Internet protocol suite (TCP/IP) was standardized, and consequently, the concept of a world-wide network of interconnected TCP/IP networks, called the Internet, was introduced. Access to the ARPANET was expanded in 1981 when the National Science Foundation (NSF) developed the Computer Science Network (CSNET) and again in 1986 when NSFNET provided access to supercomputer sites in the United States from research and education organizations. Commercial Internet service providers (ISPs) began to emerge in the late 1980s and early 1990s. The ARPANET was decommissioned in 1990. The Internet was commercialized in 1995 when NSFNET was decommissioned, removing the last restrictions on the use of the Internet to carry commercial traffic.

Since the mid-1990s, the Internet has had a revolutionary impact on culture and commerce, including the rise of near-instant communication by electronic mail, instant messaging, Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) "phone calls", two-way interactive video calls, and the World Wide Web with its discussion forums, blogs, social networking, and online shopping sites. The research and education community continues to develop and use advanced networks such as NSF's very high speed Backbone Network Service (vBNS), Internet2, and National LambdaRail. Increasing amounts of data are transmitted at higher and higher speeds over fiber optic networks operating at 1-Gbit/s, 10-Gbit/s, or more. The Internet's takeover of the global communication landscape was almost instant in historical terms: it only communicated 1% of the information flowing through two-way telecommunications networks in the year 1993, already 51% by 2000, and more than 97% of the telecommunicated information by 2007.Today the Internet continues to grow, driven by ever greater amounts of online information, commerce, entertainment, and social networking. 

Nowadays, many browsers are been used by the user in all over the world such as Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, Safari, Opera, and Internet Explorer.

SAFARI

INTERNET EXPLORER

OPERA

MOZILLA FIREFOX

CHROME

Everything is this world have their own advantages and disadvantages. Internet also has their own problem and solution.

10 Advantages	10 Disadvantages
o   It supports scientific discovery.	o   It exposes people to online theft.
o   It saves trees (maybe).	o   It makes it easy for people to cheat on their partners (maybe).
o   It exposes the truth.	o   It exposes kids to pedophiles.
o   It gives away free stuff.	o   It makes access to pornography easy for kids.
o   It creates new business opportunities.	o   It makes people to develop weak memory.
o   It accommodates the disabled.	o   It causes lack of trust in relationships.
o   It brings people and nations together.	o   It makes people lazy.
o   It makes dating easy.	o   It makes people fat.
o   It makes shopping easier.	o   It creates opportunity for terrorists to recruit, organize and destroy life.
o   It turns people on.	o   It causes our brain to be over loaded with junk.

Kindly refer to this link for any inquiry:

1. http://2smart4school.com/10-advantages-and-disadvantages-of-the-internet/

2. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Internet

XML

Extensible Markup Language (XML) is a markup language that defines a set of rules for encoding documents in a format that is both human-readable and machine-readable. It is defined in the XML 1.0 Specification produced by the W3C, and several other related specifications, all free open standards.

It is a flexible way to create common information formats and share both the format and the data on the World Wide Web, intranets, and elsewhere. For example, computer makers might agree on a standard or common way to describe the information about a computer product (processor speed, memory size, and so forth) and then describe the product information format with XML. Such a standard way of describing data would enable a user to send an intelligent agent (a program) to each computer maker's Web site, gather data, and then make a valid comparison. XML can be used by any individual or group of individuals or companies that wants to share information in a consistent way.

The design goals of XML emphasize simplicity, generality, and usability over the Internet. It is a textual data format with strong support via Unicode for the languages of the world. Although the design of XML focuses on documents, it is widely used for the representation of arbitrary data structures, for example in web services.

XML Does Not DO Anything....

Maybe it is a little hard to understand, but XML does not DO anything. XML was created to structure, store, and transport information.

The following example is a note to Tove, from Jani, stored as XML:

<note>

<to>Tove</to>

<from>Jani</from>

<heading>Reminder</heading>

<body>Don't forget me this weekend!</body>

</note>

The note above is quite self- descriptive. It has sender and receiver information, it also has a heading and a message body.

But still, this XML document does not DO anything. It is just information wrapped in tags. Someone must write a piece of software to send, receive or display it.

XML is not a replacement for HTML.....

    

Therefore, there are some differences between both of them

XML	HTML
XML was designed to transport and store data, with focus on what data is.	HTML was designed to display data, with focus on how data looks.
HTML is about displaying information.	XML is about carrying information.

for further information please refer to this link:

1. http://www.w3schools.com/xml/xml_whatis.asp

2 . XML Introduction - What is XML?

3. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XML